哲学研究

天有元亨利贞之四德、人有仁义礼智之四德，本来这是分属宇宙论和道德论的问题领域，如何将天人四德统合为一种新的天人合一论模式，这是朱子“四德论”的重要理论关切。朱子四德论强调了“仁包四德”“仁统四端”的思想，建构了仁贯四德的仁体论。朱子晚年则注意到“智者藏也”的重要性，对智德的意义作了着重阐发。然“智藏”一词不见诸朱子文献，故“智藏”不是朱子学的术语而毋宁是朱子学的一种哲学阐述。这也导致智藏问题在明清朱子学中少有关注。日本江户朱子学者山崎暗斋从朱子《玉山讲义》中发现朱子晚年有智藏说这一重要思想，对此思想的阐发构成了崎门朱子学的重要学统。朱子智藏说有敛藏义、翕聚义、终始义、根源义等基本含义。智“有终始之义”“智藏仁义礼”“不翕聚则不能发散”“无智则如何是仁”等说法表明，智既是仁在宇宙中的价值体现，也是“所以能立事也”的根源性存在。朱子的智藏说与其仁体论相结合，对于儒学仁智并重的传统重建具有重要意义。

Zhu Xi's "Four Virtues Theory" claims that benevolence(Ren) integrates the Four Virtues(SiDe) and unifies the Four Beginnings(SiDuan),thereby forming a benevolence-centered ontology.Later in his life,however,Zhu Xi emphasized wisdom(Zhi) as "concealment"(Zang),though the term zhizang is absent in his texts,which implies that it is only a philosophical elaboration rather than a formal doctrine.This concept,though almost overlooked by the Ming and Qing scholarship,was revived by Edo scholar Yamazaki Ansai via his study on Zhu's Yushan Lectures.Zhizang entails four dimensions:concealment,accumulation,cyclical unity,and origination.Wisdom both manifests benevolence's cosmic value and grounds its practical efficacy( "establishing affairs").Integrating zhizang with Zhu's benevolence ontology has a great significance for revitalizing Confucianism's dual emphasis on both benevolence and wisdom.