哲学研究

在历史观问题上，斯密摆脱了近代政治学说对历史的种种臆想，确立了考察历史的经济视角，并以此对制度与规范作出历史说明，这对马克思唯物史观产生了积极影响，但斯密总体上停留于对历史的经验观察而缺少对内在过程的揭示。黑格尔的理性历史观深刻地呈现了斯密的该项局限，既明确了历史的过程性特征，还建立了对历史的自我理解，但这种理性的历史实为精神与观念的历史。在肯定斯密和黑格尔积极意义的基础上，马克思在自己的框架内重新安放斯密思想的经济元素，并对黑格尔的历史哲学进行政治经济学批判，立足人的活动构建世界历史。更为关键的是，在马克思那里，历史本身是由人生产的，它通过人的活动而获得了能动性意义，马克思也因此实现了对斯密和黑格尔历史观的批判与超越。

With regard to the view of history,Smith broke free from various arbitrary assumptions about history that characterized modern political theories,established an economic perspective for examining history and used it to provide historical explanations of systems and norms,all of which had a positive influence on Marx's historical materialism.Hegel's rational view of history profoundly disclosed Smith's limitations,clarifying the process characteristics of history and establishing a self understanding of history.However,this rational history is actually a history of the spirit and ideas.Affirming the positive contributions of both Smith and Hegel,Marx re-placed Smith's economic materials within his own framework,subjected Hegel's philosophy of history to a critique of political economics,and constructed a world history based on human activities.More crucially,for Marx,history itself is produced by human beings;through human activities,history acquires dynamic meaning.In this way,Marx realized this critique and transcendence of the view of history of Smith and Hegel.