哲学研究

文明问题极为复杂，当前学术界对文明概念的内涵及其历史演变仍未达成共识，在相关研究中往往把文明和文化混淆使用。以唯物史观为指导，运用中西对比、纵横结合和词源学等研究方法，从哲学上厘清中国、西方和马克思主义视域中的文明概念内涵及其演变，是一条新的理解思路。汉语传统中，文化常指人类在物质和精神上的具体创造，体现着特定群体的生活方式和思维方式；文明则是文化的升华、结晶和精华，是文化中具有普遍性和进步性的部分，强调化文为善、化人为善、化物为善的伦理取向。在欧洲，德国与法国、英国对文明的理解有鲜明区别，然而自形成“西方中心论”后，其理解发生趋同。青年马克思恩格斯的文明观不同程度上受德国对文明理解的影响，晚年马克思恩格斯则实现了对西方文明观的批判和超越。进入新时代，中国共产党人立足中国式现代化的伟大实践，在推进强国建设和民族复兴过程中，重新界定文明概念，既传承发展中华文明，又超越西方文明观，还广泛借鉴人类文明一切优秀成果，从而进一步丰富发展了马克思恩格斯的文明观，构建起当代中国马克思主义的文明观。

The issue of civilization is extremely complex. Even until recently,the academic community has not reached a consensus on the connotation of the concept of civilization and its historical evolution,while the terms “civilization ” and “culture ” are often confused with each other in relevant studies. Being guided by historical materialism and adopting research methods such as comparative studies between China and the West,the combination of vertical and horizontal analyses,as well as etymology,this paper provides a new approach to philosophically clarifying the connotation and evolution of civilization in China,the West and Marxism. In the Chinese linguistic tradition,“culture ” usually refers to specific material and spiritual creations of humanity,reflecting lifestyles and ways of thinking of specific groups; “civilization”,however,is the crystallization and essence of culture,representing its universal and progressive parts. Civilization emphasizes an ethical orientation of transforming culture,people and things into goodness. In Europe,Germany did have a distinct understanding of civilization in comparison with France and the United Kingdom. However,ever since the formation of the “Western-centric theory”,their understandings have converged. The view of civilization held by the young Marx and Engels was influenced by German understanding of civilization to varying degrees,but in their later years,they criticized and transcended the Western view of civilization. Entering a new era and being grounded in the great practice of Chinese-style modernization,the Chinese Communists have redefined the concept of civilization in the process of advancing the construction of a powerful country and national rejuvenation. This redefinition not only inherits and develops Chinese civilization, but also transcends the Western view of civilization,and extensively draws on all outstanding achievements of human civilization.Thus,it further enriches and develops Marx and Engels ' view of civilization and constructs the view of civilization for contemporary Chinese Marxism.