哲学研究

现代犬儒主义对启蒙秩序与价值理想的伤害，还有其定义自19世纪以来无甚根本变化的事实，使得马克思对犬儒主义的批判性分析更显重要。马克思对“犬儒主义”一词的使用，既有古典的意味，更具现代的意涵。自古典形态到现代形态，犬儒主义经历了从率真到伪善，从声称看透真相到声称看透一切真相并拒斥一切真与善，从德性自足到理性的工具化，从愤世嫉俗到玩世不恭，从蔑视快乐并追求灵魂之善到以物化敉平一切价值，从自然欲望的简单满足到以文饰形式遮掩世俗欲望，从知行合一到知行分裂等转变。这些转变充分展现了现代犬儒主义已被虚无主义吞噬的特征。现代犬儒主义者为了避免虚无而执著于物化，又在物化追求中进一步虚无化。现代犬儒主义是启蒙的怪胎、病变和异化。现代启蒙必须克服这种病变，才能确保走向正轨。

The damage caused by modern cynicism to enlightenment order and value ideal, and the fact that its definition has not changed basically since the 19th century, contribute to the significance of Marx's critical analysis on cynicism. The way Marx interprets cynicism connotes both classical traditions and modern philosophy. It bridges the two forms through the changes from candor to hypocrisy, from the advocacy of penetrating to the infallible truth to negating all of them, from the self-realization of noble virtues to the instrumentalization of rationality, from being world-weary to being cynical and sycophantic, from disparaging the pleasure of amusement and pursuing the nobility of spirit to employing an oversimplified standard of reification to level off all things, from the undemanding contentment of natural desires to the justification of mundane wills by defending them as reasonable and decent, and from the unification to the isolation between knowledge and action. Such changes suggest that modern cynicism was badly affected by nihilism. What the Cynics in present age fails to see is the paradox: they are trying to keep themselves away from the downfall of nihilism by turning to reification, but it leads a further step to nihilism. Modern cynicism is the deformed,diseased and alienated production of the Enlightenment. Hence, intellectuals today must solve these problems for a better development.