哲学研究

马克思辩证法通过原初时间性的方式显现出来，因而时间性是马克思辩证法的显现视域。第一，马克思通过与现象学类似的超越论还原，在个体、社会、自然的同时性的基础上回到了作为“事实本身”的感性实践活动，将辩证法主体阐述为个人-社会-自然。第二，马克思辩证法的原初差异性和否定性，通过辩证法主体面向未来的生存活动、自我确证活动、认知活动得以展开。第三，马克思通过对时间的现象学还原，让过去、现在和未来统一的历史场域成为辩证法否定之否定和对立统一形式展开的时间性视域。同时性、未来性与历史场域是马克思辩证法的三大时间性视域，三者以逻辑层层推进和逐步现实化两种方式得到统一。马克思将辩证法置于时间性的视域中显现，为辩证法的展开提供了实在性的基础，超越了黑格尔式的非时间性辩证法，具有重要的理论意义和现实意义。

The dialectics in Marx ' s theory reveals itself through original temporality, so temporality constitutes the horizon of its dialectics. First,Marx returned to perceptual activity as “the fact itself”on the basis of the simultaneity of individual,society and nature through a phenomenological reduction of transcendental theory,expounding the subject of dialectics as an active unity of individual,society,and nature. Second,the original difference and negation of dialectics in Marx's theory were carried out through the dialectic subject 's future-oriented activities,including survival,self-confirmation and cognition. Third,through a phenomenological reduction of time,Marx let the historical field as a unity of the past,the present and the future become the temporal horizon for“negation of negation”as the form of dialectics and its unity of opposites. Simultaneity,futurity and historical field are the three temporal horizons of Marx 's dialectics,which become unified in two ways: logical layer by layer promotion and gradual realization. Marx put dialectics in the perspective of temporality,thereby providing a realistic basis for the development of dialectics and in this way surpassing Hegelian non-temporal dialectics by its far-reaching theoretical and practical significance.